Thanks. Thank to your hints I got aware of shymegas / loopback7084s
astro_super_tools. I think it really was V07, since I didn´t have the v7b on my harddisk. There is an adb server running, but I was not able to get in, maybe I didn´t permanently allow.
With the astro_super_tools and and
mtk-client I have been able to download the current images from the phone. Then I added
setprop ro.adb.secure 0 to build.props in the system partition (had to free some space, there are sufficient unneeded apks...) and flashed it (super.img) with fastboot. (Details in astro_super_tools ReadMe). The
wiki also was helpful.
Afterwards adb via USB was working and reading logcat was possible. In logcat output I have noticed an error mentioning com.google.android.gms which I then removed with
pm uninstall com.google.android.gms. Suddenly the user interface started I was able to reinit magisk, for some reason it wanted to reinstall the manager app. Then I was able to remove some magisk modules I added some days before.
Great, the Astro is ressurected

. Still some stuff to do, lost my desktops, but that is not that important, at least I have lost no data. Tomorrow I will continue to solve the remaining problems, i.e. sync stuff not working anymore (due to gms). The device boots and I have root, so everything else should be fixable.
Thanks to all who helped with hints, here and in the matrix.