In other applications (mc) alt-1 through alt-0 work for f1 through f10. Btw, for escape works alt-space, in mc or vim.
Huh. byobu in termux seems to pass alt-1 and alt-0 directly through to mc. Meanwhile, other keystrokes (Ctrl-a ! -- toggle key bindings off/on -- and Ctrl-a $ -- status) seem to be bound to other commands.
... And then, while poking around inside the byobu keyboard binding files, I seem to have kernel panicked my Cosmo!
So byobu ships with termux configured as a back-end, which is fine; and turns out to obey the termux keystroke commands -- which is fine, i can use them instead of the inexplicable vanishing function keystrokes -- except that the modifier key is ctrl-a, not ctrl-b. And this isn't visible anywhere in the man pages, because fsck documentation (and fsck gnu emacs, which is apparently why there's a program -- byobu-ctrl-a -- for messing with the behaviour of ctrl-a under byobo).
(Learning this cost me an hour. I now have a working byobu setup on the Cosmo (and Gemini), and one less hour in my life.